Prevalence Risk of Metabolic Syndrome Associated with Alcohol Use Behavior in Korean Women

OBJECTIVE: Considerable research has been conducted on the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. Although various standards for the amount and frequency of alcohol consumption have been suggested, a tool to measure individual alcohol use behavior against a consistent standard is required. Moreover, the association of alcohol use behavior with health should be examined on the basis of such a standard. In this study, we examined the relationships between alcohol use behavior according to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and metabolic syndrome and its components in Korean women. METHODS: This study utilized data from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which was administered from 2010 through 2012. We investigated the relationships between alcohol use behavior and metabolic syndrome and its components in a sample of 2,906 women by using analysis of covariance and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding variables, alcohol use behavior was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome [odds ratio (OR) 2.877; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.523–5.435 in the problem use group]. AUDIT score also was significantly related to abdominal obesity (OR 2.263; 95% CI 1.704–4.459 in the problem use group), hypertension (OR 3.377; 95% CI 1.871–6.095 in the problem use group), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 3.204; 95% CI 1.800–5.702 in the problem use group), and impaired fasting glucose (OR 3.034; 95% CI 1.721–5.348 in the problem use group). CONCLUSION: In this study, positive associations were observed between AUDIT score and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components.

Decreased Serum Glutamate Levels in Male Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVE: Alteration in glutamatergic neurotransmission and dopaminergic dysfunction has been implicated in both the initiation and expression of addiction related behaviors. This pilot study was aimed to investigate the serum levels of glutamate and dopamine in adults with internet gaming disorder (IGD). METHODS: We measured serum levels of glutamate and dopamine in male participants with IGD (n=26) and age-matched healthy controls (n=25). Clinical interviews were performed to identify IGD and to rule out psychiatric comorbidities. Serum levels of glutamate and dopamine were examined by enzyme immunoassays using ELISA Kits. RESULTS: Serum levels of glutamate were lower among IGD than control (IGD: 24.184±12.303 μg/ml; control: 33.676±12.413μg/ml; t=2.742, p=0.008), while levels of dopamine did not differ between. Serum glutamate and dopamine levels did not correlate with gaming hours and exposure to game in the IGD group. But serum glutamate levels were positively correlated with the dopamine levels (r=0.360, p=0.013). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that altered glutamatergic neurotransmission may contribute to the pathophysiology of IGD.

Effect of Stress and Serotonin-Transporter-Linked Polymorphic Region Variants on Internet Gaming Disorder in Korean Adults

OBJECTIVES: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is known to be related to stress and the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) that is known to be associated with stress and has been studied to affect various psychiatric illness outbreaks. We tried to examine the relationship between stress, 5-HTTLPR and IGD. METHODS: A total of 59 participants with IGD, diagnosed according to the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria and 67 normal controls (NC) were enrolled. The IGD group and the NC were compared using chisquare test and independent sample t-test, and logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between stress, the 5-HTTLPR, and IGD. RESULTS: The mean scores for anxiety, impulsivity and stress were significantly higher in the IGD group than in the NC. In addition, there was a significant association between stress and IGD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.172, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.008–1.362]. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that stress would affect IGD. Therefore, the evaluation and management of stress should be included in the diagnosis and treatment of IGD.